How to Treat Osteoarthritis Naturally: A Practical Guide

Key Takeaways

• Topical olive oil outperforms ibuprofen gel: In a double-blind randomised trial, topically applied virgin olive oil was significantly more effective than ibuprofen gel at reducing pain in patients with knee osteoarthritis.
• Minimal cost, maximum effect: Applying just 1 gram of virgin olive oil (less than 1/4 teaspoon) three times daily costs less than 3p per day and demonstrated substantial pain relief after one month.
• Strawberries reduce joint pain in clinical trials: Randomised double-blind studies demonstrated a statistically significant analgesic effect in osteoarthritis patients through regular strawberry consumption.
• Oral olive oil shows no anti-inflammatory effect: A systematic review and meta-analysis found that ingesting olive oil orally provides NO anti-inflammatory benefits in humans — the therapeutic effect is achieved solely through topical application.
• Long-term benefits from berries: The anti-inflammatory effect of berries (1 cup of blueberries or 2 cups of strawberries daily) compounds over time — the longer they are consumed, the greater the clinical benefit.
• Rheumatoid arthritis also benefits: In women with rheumatoid arthritis, topical extra virgin olive oil was more effective than no treatment and surpassed ibuprofen gel in controlling morning inflammatory pain in the fingers and knees.
• Cherry and pomegranate juice proved ineffective: Despite positive effects on circulating inflammatory markers, neither cherry juice nor pomegranate juice produced clinical improvements in osteoarthritis patients during clinical trials.
• Conventional medications carry severe risks: Tumour necrosis factor (TNF) inhibitors can cause potentially fatal lymphomas, highlighting why natural alternatives offer a valuable, low-risk approach to joint care.
• Olive extract is not the same as culinary olive oil: Trials showing positive oral results utilised olive extract (freeze-dried olive vegetation water) — these water-soluble polyphenols are largely absent from standard culinary olive oil.
• Effective across multiple joints: Topical olive oil application has shown efficacy across various joint areas, including the knees, shoulders, fingers, and hips.

Understanding Osteoarthritis: Causes and Symptoms

What is osteoarthritis and how does it develop?

Osteoarthritis, often referred to as cartilage wear or degenerative joint disease, is the most prevalent joint disorder worldwide. The condition is characterised by the progressive breakdown of the protective articular cartilage within the joints. Low-grade joint inflammation plays a pivotal role in both the onset and progression of the disease. Cartilage, which normally serves as a smooth shock absorber between articulating bones, gradually becomes thinner, rougher, and brittle. In advanced stages, the cartilage can wear away entirely, leading to bone-on-bone friction and severe chronic pain.

The disease typically develops slowly over many years. Initially, the cartilage matrix loses its elasticity, shedding microscopic wear particles into the joint cavity. These fragments trigger secondary joint inflammation within the synovial membrane, which in turn accelerates cartilage breakdown. This creates a vicious cycle of inflammation, structural damage, and further inflammatory response. Simultaneously, the body attempts to stabilise the joint by forming new bony outgrowths known as osteophytes (bone spurs), which can cause additional pain, stiffness, and restricted joint mobility.

What is the difference between osteoarthritis and arthritis?

Although the terms osteoarthritis and arthritis are frequently used interchangeably, they represent distinct clinical conditions. Osteoarthritis is primarily a degenerative joint disease driven by mechanical wear, joint loading, and ageing processes. The inflammatory component is secondary, arising in response to ongoing cartilage wear and tissue breakdown.

By contrast, inflammatory arthritis — most notably rheumatoid arthritis — is an autoimmune condition. In rheumatoid arthritis, the immune system mistakenly attacks the synovium lining the joints, causing aggressive, systemic inflammation. While osteoarthritis develops gradually and often affects specific weight-bearing joints, rheumatoid arthritis can develop rapidly and typically affects joints symmetrically. Interestingly, clinical studies demonstrate that topical olive oil delivers meaningful pain relief in both degenerative and inflammatory joint conditions.

Which joints are most commonly affected by osteoarthritis?

Osteoarthritis most frequently targets joints subjected to continuous high loads or repetitive mechanical stress. Knee osteoarthritis (gonarthrosis) is the single most common presentation. Because the knee joint absorbs several times one’s body weight during walking and stair climbing, it is exceptionally vulnerable to wear and tear. Seeking effective knee osteoarthritis treatment is one of the leading reasons for GP and orthopaedic consultations in the UK.

The hip joint (coxarthrosis) is also frequently affected, followed by the small joints of the hand — particularly the distal interphalangeal joints (Heberden’s nodes) and the proximal interphalangeal joints (Bouchard’s nodes). Osteoarthritis of the shoulder, cervical and lumbar spine, and the base of the big toe (hallux rigidus) are likewise common. Encouragingly, scientific research confirms that applying topical olive oil is beneficial across multiple areas, from managing knee osteoarthritis to easing pain in arthritic fingers and shoulders.

What are the primary symptoms of osteoarthritis?

The hallmark symptom of osteoarthritis is start-up pain (starting pain) and stiffness following periods of inactivity, particularly upon waking in the morning or after prolonged sitting. This initial stiffness typically eases within several minutes of gentle movement as synovial fluid redistributes throughout the joint capsule.

As the disease progresses, mechanical joint pain arises during physical exertion, such as walking downstairs with knee osteoarthritis or gripping objects with hand arthritis. In advanced stages, persistent rest pain can develop, frequently disrupting sleep. Many individuals experience crepitus (a cracking or grinding sensation during movement), recurrent joint effusion (swelling caused by fluid build-up), and progressive loss of joint mobility. During inflammatory flare-ups, the affected joint may become noticeably warm, tender, swollen, and red.

How to Treat Osteoarthritis Naturally

What are the primary options for osteoarthritis treatment without surgery?

Clinical management of osteoarthritis follows a stepped-care model. Non-pharmacological interventions form the cornerstone of first-line care, including targeted physiotherapy, low-impact exercise, and weight management to reduce joint loading. These foundational measures aim to preserve joint mobility, improve stability, and strengthen surrounding musculature.

When pharmacological pain management is required, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) such as ibuprofen or diclofenac are commonly prescribed, available as oral tablets or topical gels. For acute flare-ups, intra-articular corticosteroid injections may be administered. Surgical interventions, ranging from arthroscopic debridement to total joint replacement, are generally reserved as a last resort when conservative therapies have been exhausted.

However, due to well-documented NSAID side effects — such as gastrointestinal irritation, ulceration, and cardiovascular risks — many patients seek viable osteoarthritis treatment without surgery. Evidence-based natural therapies, including an anti-inflammatory diet rich in polyphenols and the targeted use of topical olive oil, offer compelling alternatives that provide meaningful symptom relief without adverse systemic side effects.

Which non-drug therapies provide effective joint support?

Structured, low-impact physical activity is the single most effective non-drug intervention for managing joint wear. Contrary to outdated advice advocating complete rest, regular movement is vital for joint health. Because articular cartilage lacks a direct blood supply, it relies entirely on the cyclical compression and decompression of movement to diffuse nutrients from the synovial fluid. Swimming, cycling, and gentle resistance exercises are particularly recommended by the NHS and physiotherapists.

Thermotherapy, such as warm compresses for chronic stiffness or cold packs for acute inflammatory flare-ups, provides straightforward, immediate symptom relief. Occupational therapy assists individuals with joint-protection techniques and adaptive aids for daily tasks, whilst orthotic devices, knee braces, and shock-absorbing insoles can correct biomechanical alignment and alleviate pressure on damaged compartments.

Finally, nutritional interventions are central to an effective osteoarthritis treatment diet. Adopting an anti-inflammatory diet rich in fresh fruits, vegetables, wholemeal grains, and omega-3 fatty acids helps modulate systemic joint inflammation. As clinical trials confirm, incorporating polyphenol-rich foods such as strawberries and blueberries can produce measurable, sustained reductions in joint pain.

Topical Application of Olive Oil: How to Treat Osteoarthritis Naturally

Can Olive Oil Provide Natural Arthritis Relief?

The question of whether olive oil can help with arthritis requires a nuanced answer: it depends fundamentally on how it is applied. Whilst a systematic review and meta-analysis found that oral consumption of olive oil offered no anti-inflammatory benefits in humans, topical applications prove surprisingly effective for those seeking how to treat osteoarthritis naturally.

A double-blind, randomised clinical trial directly compared topical virgin olive oil with a gel containing an ibuprofen-like active ingredient in patients with knee osteoarthritis. The outcome was remarkable: topically applied olive oil was significantly more effective at reducing pain than the pharmaceutical gel. These findings are particularly relevant for natural arthritis relief in the knee, one of the most frequently affected joints.

The difference between oral and topical efficacy is explained by the various active components in olive oil. When applied externally, specific bioactive compounds can act directly at the affected site and influence joint inflammation within the joint capsule without having to pass through the digestive tract.

How Does Topical Olive Oil Work for Joint Pain?

The exact mechanism of action of topical olive oil for joint pain is not yet fully understood, but several factors appear to play a role. Virgin olive oil contains numerous bioactive substances, including phenolic compounds such as oleocanthal, which is structurally similar to ibuprofen and possesses anti-inflammatory properties.

During external application, these active substances penetrate the skin and reach the underlying tissue. There, they can modulate local joint inflammation by inhibiting the production of inflammatory mediators. One study demonstrated that blood cells from individuals taking olive polyphenol extracts showed a significantly reduced inflammatory response when exposed to cartilage tissue obtained from knee operations, offering protection against progressive cartilage wear.

Additionally, the mechanical action of rubbing it in—a gentle massage—may contribute to pain relief. It stimulates blood circulation, relaxes tense muscles, and can positively influence pain perception via neurophysiological pathways (gate control theory). The combination of bioactive ingredients and mechanical stimulation makes topical olive oil a promising option for managing arthritis pain across various joints.

What Dosage of Olive Oil Is Recommended for Osteoarthritis?

Scientific evidence provides clear dosage recommendations for the topical application of olive oil in arthritis care. In the aforementioned clinical trial on knee osteoarthritis, participants used just 1 gram of virgin olive oil per application—equivalent to less than a quarter of a teaspoon. This amount was applied to the affected joint three times a day.

The cost-effectiveness of this approach is impressive: at less than 3p per day, topical olive oil therapy is considerably cheaper than pharmaceutical alternatives. The treatment duration in the study was one month, with pain reduction already becoming clearly apparent within this timeframe. The researchers suggested that the benefits might become even more pronounced with longer-term use.

For osteoarthritis in the shoulder, foot, or other joints, the same dosage and application frequency can serve as a starting point. It is advisable to use extra virgin olive oil, as this contains the highest concentration of bioactive polyphenols. The oil should be gently massaged into the skin over the affected joint until fully absorbed. Applications can be carried out in the morning, afternoon, and evening—ideally after a warm shower or bath when the pores are open and absorption is optimal.

Berries in an Anti-Inflammatory Osteoarthritis Treatment Diet

Are Berries Effective for Osteoarthritis Pain?

The efficacy of berries in easing arthritis pain is well documented scientifically. Strawberries have proved particularly promising in randomised, double-blind crossover trials. Study participants with knee osteoarthritis who regularly consumed strawberries experienced significant analgesic (pain-relieving) effects and a measurable reduction in joint pain.

The mechanism relies on the ability of strawberries to lower blood levels of tumour necrosis factor (TNF)—an inflammatory mediator that plays a central role in osteoarthritis. In one study, consuming strawberries led to a marked reduction in circulating TNF levels as well as decreased lipid peroxides (markers of oxidative stress) in overweight adults with knee osteoarthritis.

Blueberries also show promising effects. When people consume the equivalent of one cup of blueberries or two cups of strawberries daily, laboratory analyses show a significant dampening of inflammatory reactions. What is especially interesting is that this anti-inflammatory effect strengthens over time. The longer berries are eaten regularly as part of an anti-inflammatory diet, the more pronounced the benefit becomes—a distinct advantage over many pharmaceutical options.

What Self-Care Measures Provide Natural Arthritis Relief?

There are numerous self-help strategies you can incorporate into your daily routine to alleviate osteoarthritis symptoms. Foremost is regular, low-impact exercise. Establish a routine with activities such as swimming, cycling, or walking, which do not place excessive stress on your joints while strengthening the surrounding muscles to support joint mobility.

Nutrition plays a key role in an effective osteoarthritis treatment diet. Incorporate anti-inflammatory foods into your daily meals: two cups of fresh strawberries or one cup of blueberries can, as studies show, make a measurable difference. Complement your diet with other antioxidant-rich fruit, vegetables, wholemeal products, and omega-3-rich oily fish.

The topical application of virgin olive oil provides an affordable, effective way to achieve pain relief. Gently massage roughly a quarter of a teaspoon of olive oil into the skin over the affected joint three times daily. You can combine this with targeted heat or cold therapy, depending on what brings you comfort. Heat is particularly beneficial for chronic aching and morning stiffness, whilst cold packs can soothe acute inflammatory flare-ups.

Weight reduction if you are overweight significantly relieves load-bearing joints such as the knees and hips. Even moderate weight loss can markedly improve symptoms. Support these measures with stress management and adequate sleep, as both factors directly influence systemic inflammatory processes.

Conventional vs. Natural Options: Osteoarthritis Treatment Without Surgery

What Works Best for Osteoarthritis Pain?

The question of the best approach to osteoarthritis treatment without surgery cannot be answered with a one-size-fits-all solution, as it depends on individual factors including severity, the specific joint affected, and personal preferences. However, scientific evidence indicates that a multimodal approach combining different strategies is often the most effective.

Conventional painkillers such as non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) can provide rapid relief, but they carry potential risks, particularly with long-term use where NSAID side effects on the stomach and cardiovascular system become a concern. Topical NSAID gels can achieve a 50% pain reduction in around 60% of patients and carry far fewer systemic side effects than oral tablets.

Research into natural alternatives offers compelling results. Combining topical olive oil applications with regular berry consumption provides a dual mechanism: local pain relief and systemic reduction of joint inflammation. Crucially, topical olive oil outperformed pharmaceutical gels in head-to-head comparative trials. These natural approaches can serve either alongside conventional therapies or, in milder cases, as a standalone method for those learning how to treat osteoarthritis naturally.

For optimal results, a combination of the following is recommended: regular low-impact exercise to maintain joint mobility, an anti-inflammatory diet (including daily portions of berries), topical application of virgin olive oil, and, when necessary, the judicious use of pain relief under medical guidance.

Unlike several fruit juices that showed improvements in inflammatory markers without delivering clinical benefits (such as tart cherry and pomegranate juice), strawberries achieved both a reduction in inflammatory markers and genuine pain relief—a critical distinction for anyone managing daily discomfort.

The choice between conventional medication and natural approaches should always be discussed with a GP or healthcare professional who understands your individual medical history. Many patients find that adopting natural methods as a foundational therapy, with targeted medication reserved for acute flare-ups, offers the best balance.

Practical Guidance on How to Treat Osteoarthritis Naturally

Managing arthritis successfully requires not only understanding which remedies work, but also applying them consistently and correctly in everyday life. Here is step-by-step guidance on putting this scientific evidence into practice.

Topical Olive Oil Application Step by Step:

Start by choosing the right product. Use only organic extra virgin olive oil, as this retains the highest concentration of bioactive phenolic compounds and oleocanthal. Store the bottle in a cool, dark cupboard to protect its active nutrients from light degradation.

To apply, first wash the affected joint with warm water and dry thoroughly. Place roughly a quarter of a teaspoon (around 1 gram) of olive oil onto your palm and rub your hands together briefly to bring it to body temperature. Gently massage the oil into the skin over the painful joint using circular motions. For knee osteoarthritis, cover the entire kneecap as well as the areas to the left and right. Massage for approximately 2 to 3 minutes until the oil is fully absorbed.

Repeat this application three times a day—ideally in the morning upon waking, around midday, and in the evening before bed. The morning application is especially valuable, as many people experience start-up pain and joint stiffness early in the day. Allow at least four weeks before assessing its effectiveness, matching the duration used in clinical trials.

Incorporating Berries into Your Daily Diet:

For maximum anti-inflammatory effect, aim to consume either two cups (roughly 300–400 grams) of fresh strawberries or one cup (around 150 grams) of blueberries each day. If fresh berries are out of season or expensive, frozen berries are an excellent alternative and offer comparable nutritional value.

The easiest way to include berries is at breakfast, stirred into porridge oats, natural yoghurt, or muesli. Alternatively, enjoy them as a mid-morning snack or blended into a smoothie. Consistency is essential: research indicates that anti-inflammatory benefits build up over time with regular consumption. Treat your daily berry intake as an active dietary intervention rather than an occasional treat.

For arthritis affecting the foot, shoulder, or hands, the same principles apply. Adjust the volume of olive oil to suit the size of the joint—smaller joints such as fingers require less oil than larger areas like the knee or shoulder.

Tracking Progress and Adjusting Care:

Keep a simple symptom diary, rating your daily pain on a scale from 0 to 10. Note your joint mobility and any swelling as well. After four weeks of consistent application, you should be able to gauge improvement. If symptoms persist or worsen, speak to your GP to explore further options.

Always combine these self-care strategies with professional medical advice. Inform your GP or pharmacist about your use of topical olive oil and dietary changes, especially if you take blood-thinning medication or manage other long-term health conditions.

Frequently Asked Questions on How to Treat Osteoarthritis Naturally

Can I combine topical olive oil with other treatments?

Yes, topical olive oil can easily be combined with other osteoarthritis treatments. There are no known interactions with oral medications. You can use it alongside physiotherapy, exercise therapy, or alongside pharmaceutical pain relief gels. Simply wait 30 minutes between different topical applications.

How long does it take for topical olive oil to work?

In the clinical trial, significant pain reduction was observed after one month of regular use. Some patients report initial improvements in joint mobility and pain after just one to two weeks, whilst others feel the full effect only after four weeks. Researchers suggest that the benefits may increase even further with longer-term application.

What are the side effects of topical olive oil?

Topical olive oil is considered very safe with minimal adverse effects. No serious side effects were reported in clinical studies. Occasionally, mild skin reactions may occur in individuals with an olive oil allergy. If you notice any redness or itching, discontinue use. In comparison to non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) or topical NSAID gels, which can carry potential NSAID side effects such as gastrointestinal irritation, olive oil is virtually free of side effects.

Do I need to use expensive olive oil or is standard oil sufficient?

Use extra virgin olive oil, as this contains the highest concentration of bioactive phenolic compounds and polyphenols such as oleocanthal. However, it does not need to be the most expensive premium product. Look for the designation “extra virgin” (or “extra vergine”) and choose organic quality where possible. Mid-priced supermarket products are perfectly adequate.

Does berry therapy work with other fruits as part of an osteoarthritis treatment diet?

Whilst various fruits offer health-promoting properties, scientific studies specifically demonstrated pain-relieving effects in strawberries and blueberries for osteoarthritis. Cherry and pomegranate juice, for instance, showed positive effects on inflammatory markers but failed to produce clinical improvements in joint pain. For an evidence-based approach to how to treat osteoarthritis naturally, you should stick with whole strawberries or blueberries.

Can I drink the berries as juice instead?

Whole berries are preferable to fruit juices because they retain all of their dietary fibre and valuable phytochemicals. The successful clinical studies used whole fruit rather than juices. If you still prefer juice, choose 100% pure juice with no added sugar, and bear in mind that it provides considerably more calories whilst being far less satiating.

Does extra virgin olive oil also provide natural arthritis relief for rheumatoid arthritis?

Yes, a randomised clinical trial specifically evaluated women with rheumatoid arthritis. Topical extra virgin olive oil proved more effective than no treatment and even outperformed ibuprofen gel in managing morning inflammatory pain in fingers and knees. Efficacy is therefore evident across both conditions: osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis.

Why does oral olive oil not work for osteoarthritis?

A systematic review and meta-analysis found that oral olive oil consumption does not deliver anti-inflammatory benefits in humans. The positive effects frequently cited originate from rodent studies. With topical olive oil, however, active polyphenols and oleocanthal can act directly at the site of joint inflammation without passing through the digestive tract.

Can topical olive oil help reduce the need for painkillers?

Potentially yes, but always discuss any changes to your medication with your GP. Because topical olive oil demonstrated efficacy comparable to pharmaceutical gels in clinical trials, some patients pursuing osteoarthritis treatment without surgery may be able to reduce their reliance on painkillers. However, this should only be done gradually under medical supervision.

Is olive oil treatment suitable for all joints?

The scientific evidence exists primarily for knee osteoarthritis. However, the study on rheumatoid arthritis also demonstrated effectiveness in fingers and other joints. There is no reason not to try this method for osteoarthritis affecting the shoulder, foot, or hip. The application principles remain identical: apply approximately a quarter of a teaspoon of extra virgin olive oil to the affected joint three times daily to support joint mobility and soothe cartilage wear.

Scientific References

• Basu A, Kurien BT, Tran H, et al. (2018). Strawberries decrease circulating levels of tumor necrosis factor and lipid peroxides in obese adults with knee osteoarthritis. Food & Function, 9(12):6218-26.
• Schumacher HR, Pullman-Mooar S, Gupta SR, et al. (2013). Randomized double-blind crossover study of the efficacy of a tart cherry juice blend in treatment of osteoarthritis (OA) of the knee. Osteoarthritis and Cartilage, 21(8):1035-41.
• Collins MW, Saag KG, Singh JA. (2019). Is there a role for cherries in the management of gout? Therapeutic Advances in Musculoskeletal Disease, 11:1759720X19847018.
• Ghoochani N, Karandish M, Mowla K, et al. (2016). The effect of pomegranate juice on clinical signs, matrix metalloproteinases and antioxidant status in patients with knee osteoarthritis. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 96(13):4377-81.
• Sahebkar A, Gurban C, Serban A, et al. (2016). Effects of supplementation with pomegranate juice on plasma C-reactive protein concentrations: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Phytomedicine, 23(11):1095-102.
• Schell J, Scofield RH, Barrett JR, et al. (2017). Strawberries Improve Pain and Inflammation in Obese Adults with Radiographic Evidence of Knee Osteoarthritis. Nutrients, 9(9):949.
• San-Juan-Rodriguez A, Prokopovich MV, Shrank WH, et al. (2019). Assessment of Price Changes of Existing Tumor Necrosis Factor Inhibitors After the Market Entry of Competitors. JAMA Internal Medicine, 179(5):713-6.
• Fellermann K. (2013). Adverse events of tumor necrosis factor inhibitors. Digestive Diseases, 31(3-4):374-8.
• Rutledge GA, Fisher DR, Miller MG, et al. (2019). The effects of blueberry and strawberry serum metabolites on age-related oxidative and inflammatory signaling in vitro. Food & Function, 10(12):7707-13.
• Wauquier F, Mevel E, Krisa S, et al. (2019). Chondroprotective Properties of Human-Enriched Serum Following Polyphenol Extract Absorption: Results from an Exploratory Clinical Trial. Nutrients, 11(12):3071.
• Bitler CM, Matt K, Irving M, et al. (2007). Olive extract supplement decreases pain and improves daily activities in adults with osteoarthritis and decreases plasma homocysteine in those with rheumatoid arthritis. Nutrition Research, 27(8):470-7.
• Accardi G, Aiello A, Gargano V, et al. (2016). Nutraceutical effects of table green olives: a pilot study with Nocellara del Belice olives. Immunity & Ageing, 13:11.
• Fernandes J, Fialho M, Santos R, et al. (2020). Is olive oil good for you? A systematic review and meta-analysis on anti-inflammatory benefits from regular dietary intake. Nutrition, 69:110559.
• Hashmi MA, Khan A, Hanif M, et al. (2015). Traditional Uses, Phytochemistry, and Pharmacology of Olea europaea (Olive). Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 2015:541591.
• Rus A, Molina F, Ramos MM, et al. (2017). Extra Virgin Olive Oil Improves Oxidative Stress, Functional Capacity, and Health-Related Psychological Status in Patients With Fibromyalgia: A Preliminary Study. Biological Research for Nursing, 19(1):106-15.
• Morvaridi M, Jafarirad S, Seyedian SS, et al. (2020). The effects of extra virgin olive oil and canola oil on inflammatory markers and gastrointestinal symptoms in patients with ulcerative colitis. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 74(6):891-9.
• Bohlooli S, Jastan M, Nakhostin-Roohi B, et al. (2012). A pilot double-blinded, randomized, clinical trial of topical virgin olive oil versus piroxicam gel in osteoarthritis of the knee. Journal of Clinical Rheumatology, 18(2):99-101.
• Hekmatpou D, Mortaji S, Rezaei M, Shaikhi M. (2020). The Effectiveness of Olive Oil in Controlling Morning Inflammatory Pain of Phalanges and Knees Among Women With Rheumatoid Arthritis: A Randomized Clinical Trial. Rehabilitation Nursing, 45(2):106-13.
• Khaw KT, Sharp SJ, Finikarides L, et al. (2018). Randomised trial of coconut oil, olive oil or butter on blood lipids and other cardiovascular risk factors in healthy men and women. BMJ Open, 8(3):e020167.